History Repeats — The Small-Pain-Tolerance Variable — the pain-avoidance ratchet as the mechanism under Khaldun’s asabiyyah decay and Glubb’s “loss of the hardy virtues”; prescription = recover small-pain-bearing cultural technology
Cyclical Historians — Ibn Khaldun, Spengler, Toynbee, Strauss & Howe, Glubb — those who see civilizations following predictable patterns of rise and fall.
Economic Theorists — Hayek, Sowell, Schumpeter, Kondratiev — those whose work on markets, knowledge, and incentives illuminates why the cycle mechanisms operate.
Structural-Institutional Analysts — Turchin, Tainter, Olson, Dalio — those who identify specific mechanisms (complexity, institutions, elites, debt) that cause civilizational decay.